{"id":374,"date":"2019-01-30T22:00:42","date_gmt":"2019-01-30T22:00:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sportball.com\/2019\/01\/30\/mythes-et-risques-entourant-la-specialisation-hative\/"},"modified":"2024-09-10T17:30:08","modified_gmt":"2024-09-10T17:30:08","slug":"mythes-et-risques-entourant-la-specialisation-hative","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sportball.com\/fr\/blogue\/mythes-et-risques-entourant-la-specialisation-hative\/","title":{"rendered":"Mythes et risques entourant la sp\u00e9cialisation h\u00e2tive"},"content":{"rendered":"

Les sports organis\u00e9s peuvent potentiellement procurer des avantages \u00e0 court et \u00e0 long terme \u00e0 ceux qui les pratiquent, ce qui en font des loisirs int\u00e9ressants pour les familles qui ont de jeunes enfants. Toutefois, le sport peut parfois semer la controverse, notamment lorsque l\u2019atteinte d\u2019un haut calibre et le succ\u00e8s sportif (par le biais de la performance ou de la victoire) ont pr\u00e9s\u00e9ance sur le plaisir des enfants.<\/p>\n

Nous connaissons tous un parent qui consacre beaucoup de temps au calendrier d\u2019entra\u00eenement et de comp\u00e9tition surcharg\u00e9 de son enfant, parfois au prix d\u2019engagements familiaux ou de la qualit\u00e9 de vie de l\u2019enfant. Par ailleurs, nous savons tous tr\u00e8s bien que derri\u00e8re chaque athl\u00e8te professionnel se cache un enfant qui d\u00e8s son plus jeune \u00e2ge fr\u00e9quentait les ar\u00e9nas, les piscines, les gymnases ou les terrains de sport. Ces histoires \u00e0 succ\u00e8s font souvent la promotion de la sp\u00e9cialisation sportive en tr\u00e8s bas \u00e2ge aupr\u00e8s des parents et des enfants, ces derniers r\u00eavant d\u00e9j\u00e0 de participer aux Olympiques, de faire partie d\u2019une \u00e9quipe de sport professionnel ou de recevoir une bourse sportive.<\/p>\n

Le type de parcours sportif d\u00e9crit ci\u2011dessus est un exemple de sp\u00e9cialisation h\u00e2tive, qui d\u00e9signe g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement la pratique exclusive d\u2019un seul sport d\u00e8s un jeune \u00e2ge, ainsi qu\u2019une participation \u00e0 l\u2019ann\u00e9e \u00e0 un entra\u00eenement intensif et\/ou \u00e0 des comp\u00e9titions1<\/sup>. La sp\u00e9cialisation h\u00e2tive suppose \u00e9galement l\u2019\u00ab\u00a0entra\u00eenement volontaire\u00a0\u00bb, d\u00e9fini comme suit\u00a0:<\/p>\n

[TRADUCTION] [\u2026] toute activit\u00e9 d\u2019entra\u00eenement qui est entreprise dans le but pr\u00e9cis d\u2019am\u00e9liorer la performance (et non d\u2019avoir du plaisir ou d\u2019obtenir des r\u00e9compenses externes), qui n\u00e9cessite un effort cognitif et\/ou physique et qui contribue au d\u00e9veloppement positif des habilet\u00e9s.2<\/sup><\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Le probl\u00e8me avec la sp\u00e9cialisation h\u00e2tive<\/h2>\n

Alors que la tendance \u00e0 la sp\u00e9cialisation h\u00e2tive dans le milieu sportif se maintient, les chercheurs en psychologie du sport et de l\u2019exercice commencent \u00e0 contester la notion selon laquelle il est souhaitable et m\u00eame sain pour les enfants de pratiquer exclusivement un seul sport d\u00e8s un jeune \u00e2ge. En ce qui concerne la sp\u00e9cialisation sportive h\u00e2tive, ci\u2011dessous, le premier tableau pr\u00e9sente quelques mythes courants, tandis que le second tableau pr\u00e9sente certains risques\u00a0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

MYTHES SUR LA SP\u00c9CIALISATION H\u00c2TIVE<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

L\u2019ENTRA\u00ceNEMENT VOLONTAIRE M\u00c8NE AU D\u00c9VELOPPEMENT D\u2019HABILET\u00c9S AVANC\u00c9ES<\/td>\nL\u2019entra\u00eenement volontaire li\u00e9 \u00e0 un seul sport peut limiter le d\u00e9veloppement global des habilet\u00e9s motrices et de la kin\u00e9siculture<\/a>, r\u00e9duisant la probabilit\u00e9 que l\u2019enfant pratique d\u2019autres activit\u00e9s physiques ou sports dans l\u2019avenir3<\/sup>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
LA SP\u00c9CIALISATION H\u00c2TIVE EST ESSENTIELLE \u00c0 LA PRATIQUE DU SPORT D\u2019\u00c9LITE<\/td>\nLes preuves manquent pour confirmer que la sp\u00e9cialisation h\u00e2tive est essentielle<\/em> \u00e0 la pratique du sport d\u2019\u00e9lite. En fait, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 rapport\u00e9 que des athl\u00e8tes de haut niveau dans un certain nombre de sports (soit le basketball, le hockey, le soccer et le triathlon) ne se sont sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s qu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019adolescence1<\/sup>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

RISQUES DE LA SP\u00c9CIALISATION H\u00c2TIVE<\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

BLESSURES DUES AU SURENTRA\u00ceNEMENT<\/td>\nL\u2019entra\u00eenement li\u00e9 \u00e0 la sp\u00e9cialisation sportive h\u00e2tive sollicite les m\u00eames groupes musculaires de mani\u00e8re localis\u00e9e, ce qui augmente la probabilit\u00e9 que surviennent au fil du temps des blessures dues \u00e0 un stress r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e91<\/sup>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00c9PUISEMENT<\/td>\nDe lourdes charges d\u2019entra\u00eenement et une pression soutenue en vue d\u2019une performance de haut niveau peuvent entra\u00eener une baisse d\u2019enthousiasme et de motivation, un stress chronique et un \u00e9puisement4,5<\/sup>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ISOLEMENT<\/td>\nDes activit\u00e9s sportives peu diversifi\u00e9es peuvent limiter l\u2019exposition de l\u2019enfant \u00e0 divers contextes sociaux, l\u2019isoler de ses pairs et l\u2019emp\u00eacher de participer \u00e0 d\u2019autres activit\u00e9s r\u00e9cr\u00e9atives b\u00e9n\u00e9fiques (li\u00e9es notamment \u00e0 la musique et aux arts)1,6<\/sup>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CARRI\u00c8RES SPORTIVES \u00c9COURT\u00c9ES<\/td>\nLa sp\u00e9cialisation sportive chez les enfants de moins de\u00a012\u00a0ans est associ\u00e9e \u00e0 des taux accrus d\u2019abandon sportif et \u00e0 une diminution du d\u00e9veloppement sportif au fil du temps1,4<\/sup>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Solutions de rechange \u00e0 la sp\u00e9cialisation h\u00e2tive<\/h2>\n

Comme il appara\u00eet de plus en plus \u00e9vident que la sp\u00e9cialisation h\u00e2tive peut nuire aux futures activit\u00e9s sportives et physiques d\u2019un enfant, les chercheurs sugg\u00e8rent aux parents d\u2019envisager un autre concept sportif pour leur enfant\u00a0: l\u2019\u00ab\u00a0\u00e9chantillonnage h\u00e2tif\u00a0\u00bb ou la diversification. Comme son nom l\u2019indique, l\u2019\u00e9chantillonnage sportif h\u00e2tif consiste \u00e0 pratiquer simultan\u00e9ment plusieurs sports. Les chercheurs soulignent que les sports pratiqu\u00e9s simultan\u00e9ment doivent \u00eatre non comp\u00e9titifs, comporter du jeu libre et, en fin de compte, \u00eatre amusants1<\/sup>. Enfin, les enfants ne devraient pas \u00eatre encourag\u00e9s \u00e0 se sp\u00e9cialiser (c\u2019est\u2011\u00e0\u2011dire, \u00e0 choisir un seul sport) avant l\u2019\u00e2ge de\u00a012\u00a0ou\u00a013\u00a0ans.<\/p>\n

Visant \u00e0 diversifier les exp\u00e9riences sportives des enfants en bas \u00e2ge, le programme multisport de Sportball est un excellent moyen pour les jeunes enfants d\u2019essayer diff\u00e9rents sports<\/a>. Les cours multisports de Sportball sont bas\u00e9s sur le jeu et non comp\u00e9titifs et introduisent les enfants \u00e0 huit sports diff\u00e9rents au cours d\u2019une session de quatre mois, contribuant ainsi \u00e0 r\u00e9duire bon nombre des risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 la sp\u00e9cialisation sportive h\u00e2tive. Plus important et peut\u2011\u00eatre plus int\u00e9ressant encore, le chercheur LaPrade et ses coll\u00e8gues (2016)<\/a><\/u> ont d\u00e9clar\u00e9 ce qui relativement au programme multisport\u00a0:<\/p>\n

\u00ab [TRADUCTION] La pratique multisportive h\u00e2tive n\u2019emp\u00eachera pas les jeunes athl\u00e8tes de conna\u00eetre du succ\u00e8s \u00e0 long terme dans un contexte comp\u00e9titif et sportif. \u00bb<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Pour obtenir plus de renseignements sur les programmes multisports de Sportball offerts dans votre r\u00e9gion, visitez le https:\/\/www.sportball.com\/fr\/multisports\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Sources :<\/p>\n

1<\/sup><\/u>LaPrade, R. F., Agel, J., Baker, J., Brenner, J. S., Cordasco, F. A., C\u00f4t\u00e9, J., … & Hewett, T. E.<\/a><\/u> \u00ab\u00a0AOSSM early sport specialization consensus statement\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine<\/em>, vol.\u00a04, n\u00ba\u00a04,\u00a02016, p.\u00a01-8.<\/p>\n

2<\/sup><\/u>Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T., & Tesch-R\u00f6mer, C.<\/a><\/u> \u00ab\u00a0The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0Psychological Review<\/em>, vol.\u00a0100, n\u00ba\u00a03,\u00a01993, p.\u00a0363-406.<\/p>\n

3<\/sup><\/u>Wiersma, L. D.<\/a><\/u> \u00ab\u00a0Risks and benefits of youth sport specialization: Perspectives and recommendations\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0Pediatric Exercise Science<\/em>, vol.\u00a012, n\u00ba\u00a01,\u00a02000, p.\u00a013-22.<\/p>\n

4<\/sup><\/u>Fraser-Thomas, J., C\u00f4t\u00e9, J., & Deakin, J<\/a><\/u>. \u00ab\u00a0Examining adolescent sport dropout and prolonged engagement from a developmental perspective\u00a0\u00bb, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, <\/em>vol.\u00a020, n\u00ba\u00a03,\u00a02008, p.\u00a0318\u2011333.<\/p>\n

5<\/sup><\/u>Goodger K, Wolfenden L, Lavallee D.<\/a><\/u> \u00ab\u00a0Symptoms and consequences associated with three dimensions of burnout in junior tennis players\u00a0\u00bb, International Journal of Sport Psychology, <\/em>vol.\u00a038,\u00a02007, p.\u00a0342\u2011364.<\/p>\n

6<\/sup><\/u>Coakley J. <\/a><\/u>\u00ab\u00a0Burnout among adolescent athletes: A personal failure or social problem?\u00a0\u00bb, Sociology of Sport Journal,<\/em> vol.\u00a09, n\u00ba\u00a03,\u00a01992, p.\u00a0271-285.<\/p>\n

7<\/sup><\/u>C\u00f4t\u00e9, J, Lidor R, Hackfort D.<\/a><\/u> \u00ab\u00a0ISSP stand: To sample or to specialize? Seven postulates about youth sport activities that lead to continued participation and elite performance\u00a0\u00bb, International Journal of Sport Exercise Psychology<\/em>, vol.\u00a07, n\u00ba\u00a01,\u00a02009, p.\u00a07-17.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Les sports organis\u00e9s peuvent potentiellement procurer des avantages \u00e0 court et \u00e0 long terme \u00e0 ceux qui les pratiquent, ce qui en font des loisirs int\u00e9ressants pour les familles qui ont de jeunes enfants. Toutefois, le sport peut parfois semer la controverse, notamment lorsque l\u2019atteinte d\u2019un haut calibre et le succ\u00e8s sportif (par le biais […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":361,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-374","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blogue"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMythes et risques entourant la sp\u00e9cialisation h\u00e2tive - 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